The remains of the Ottoman Empire, the Genoa Fort found in Odessa –

Archaeologists have discovered a long-standing remains of an 18th-century fortress, an artifact of the 14th-century Ode Fortress, located on Primorsky Boulevard in the historic center of Odessa, Ukraine. Its location has been debated for 200 years, although it disappeared only when the Russian Empire army blew it up in 1789. There is no reliable map or written document to record its exact location, and since the surviving stones were recycled as new buildings, there is no trace of them visible in the landscape.

Archaeologists from the National University of Teaching in Southern Ukraine and the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine have discovered the remnants of the khadzhibey castle between the avenues, in the middle of the semicircular plookaza, overlooking the city’s Black Sea port.

In two excavations and in two pits, we found the front wall of the artillery coastal battery, which was added to the castle from the shore, and traces of the curtain removal. We managed to record the intersection of the wall with the corners of the side wall, which covered the southeastern battery. The structure exists on various plans and images of castles in the late 18th century. It cited its unique structural features and specific locations near the cliff. The discovery accompanying ceramic and bronze products of Ottoman origin facilitates attribution. The battery is an open area surrounded by walls up to 1.5 m high and has a thickness of 90 cm. It has a low-rise embankment in front, and puts the cannon on it and targets it to the sea.

The bottom of the castle battery wall is embedded in antique layers from the 5th century BC. This is the first time that ancient Greek residents of the Port of Istrian can track the cultural tiers within its northern border. Previously, it was assumed that its boundary was somewhere in the Duka area. But now we can say for sure that it is defined by a small ancient ditch that we managed to document in the 2021 excavation north of the semicircular area. This natural obstacle also forms the protection of the northwest, the northwest of the Yeshe Castle, and the ground side, determining its location choice.

Ivan Liptuga, director of the Culture Department of Odessa City Council, proposed a plan to install glass on excavated remains rather than covering them with pavers so that visitors can view the city’s archaeological layers as they wander. The wider contour of the fortress structure can be marked on the square with pavers of different colors.

It will become the Greek colony of Odessa in the 6th century BC. At the end of the 4th century, the Turkish nomads took over the territory and it would be absorbed by the Mongol Empire in the mid-13th century (the Mongol Empire ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan). It was eclipsed by another power: the Genoa Republic was the main maritime power in medieval and early modern Europe, establishing colonial and trade posts throughout the Mediterranean, Terenian, Terenian, Aegean and the Black Sea. From the 13th to the late 15th century, Genoa’s commercial empire dominated the Black Sea. Every port city in the Black Sea today was once a Genoa colony, and Odessa was no exception. There Genoa built the fortress of Ginestra, as documented in the 14th century Italian maritime map.

A settlement at the site first appeared in the historical record of 1415 years, the port of Kotsiubijiv in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it was small and its population decreased decades later. The territory was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 1530s, and they recaptured the settlement in the mid-18th century, just in time for the Russian Empire, Russia occupied it in the 1789 Russian war.

The modern town of Odessa began to take shape. She ordered the construction of a military and commercial port building, and in 1795, named Odessa after the Greek colony of Odesso, Greece, where it is believed to have been established. At present, it is still a small town, when the first census was conducted in 1797, the population was less than 3,500. It was not until 1801 that the bank was owned. Ducde Richelieu changed all of this.

The Duke was the famous cardinal, who escaped from the revolutionary France, had a bounty on his head, and settled in Russia. He volunteered to join the Russian Empire army and eventually became a major general. Tsar Alexander I appointed him as the governor of Odessa in 1803. He served in the office for 11 years and turned the town into a well-planned, complete, economic and cultural center to compete with any city in Europe. He established the modern port that would be called the pearl of the Black Sea. By 1814 when he returned to France, Odessa had developed into the third largest city according to the population of the Russian Empire. Even though his family was confiscated during the Revolution and never returned to him, his success in France was as successful as his immigration, and once he ascended to Paris in 1815, he became the Prime Minister of France until 1818, until 1818, and then in 1821 for 10 months, and in 1821 he lasted for 10 months. He died in 1822.

In Odessa, he is still very popular. The statue of Duke, commissioned to cover it in 1828, was placed on the top of the stairs, leading to the port he built. In 1905, the general strike and violent suppression of workers on strike in Odessa led to days of riots and fire. The workers were supported by the Mutineer crew of the Russian warship Potemkin docked at the port. The fictional description of this uprising is the plot of Sergei Eisenstein’s breakthrough 1925 silent film masterpiece Potemkin. When a famous citizen was slaughtered, a baby carriage carriage carries down the stairs to the harbor at the foot of the Duc de Richelieu monument. You can even see the back of it as the crowd fled along the stairs from advancing troops.