All major schools and denominations

Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Korea and China in the sixth century. Initially met with skepticism, by the seventh century it gradually gained acceptance and became widely recognized. The first Buddhism to reach Japanese shores was Mahayana Buddhism, but over the centuries various Buddhist schools and sects emerged, each developing unique beliefs, practices and communities. From the esoteric rituals of Shingon Buddhism to the meditative practices of Zen Buddhism, each major school offers unique characteristics and insights into Japan’s spiritual landscape.

Main schools of Japanese Buddhism

Nara Buddhism

Six schools in Nara

Nara period (710–794), the six major sects of Buddhism prevailed in the capital, collectively known as Nara Buddhism, or Southern Capital Six States. These schools include Kushe, Shangshi, Vinaya, Three Treatises, Huayan, and Dharma, and are considered philosophical systems that are often studied together. Nara Buddhism during this period was characterized by heavy spending on state-sponsored temples, academic study of Buddhism, and strong relationships between the court and the monks.

Each sect emphasizes different aspects of Buddhist teachings; for example, the Kashats are based on the teachings of the Abhidhamma, while Chengshi rejects the Abhidhamma and believes that only the scriptures can explain the Buddha’s teachings. Vinaya, on the other hand, lays down the rules for monastic life, emphasizing discipline and moral behavior.

Main features and decline

The Nara School is characterized by its emphasis on scholasticism. Although these schools were studied by many, most of them never achieved significant success and began to decline towards the end of the Heian period (794).–1185), was overshadowed by new movements catering to popular spiritual needs. As Buddhism adapted to Japan’s changing social landscape, the Nara sect’s strict monastic structure and complex teachings became less important.

peace buddhism

believe

The Tendai sect emerged in the Heian period and was founded by the monk Saicho (also known as Denkyo Daishi) at Enryaku-ji Temple on Mount Hiei. The sect blended Buddhist teachings from India and China to create a comprehensive approach that emphasized meditation, ritual, and the importance of the Lotus Sutra. Tendai and Shingon are considered the two major esoteric sects of the Heian period, with Tendai later inspiring and leading monks to develop new belief systems.

Shingon sect

Founded by the famous monk Kobo Daishi (also known as Kukai), Shingon is one of the major sects of Japanese Buddhism. It was born in the Heian period and was founded on the sacred Mount Koya. Shingon, which means “the revealed truth of Buddhism,” is known for its esoteric practices, including complex rituals, mantra chanting and the use of mandalas.

The school emphasizes the attainment of enlightenment through direct experience and mystical practice, and Shingon’s teachings are profound and practical. It teaches the interconnectedness of all things and the innate potential of each person to become a Buddha, and that it is vital to accumulate pious deeds through helping others.

Kamakura Buddhism

Emphasis on the salvation of all

Kamakura period (1185–1333) saw a major shift in Japanese Buddhism as new schools emerged emphasizing that salvation was available to all. This era brought a more personal approach to spirituality, focusing on personal faith and devotion rather than strict monastic discipline.

Pure Land Buddhism

Pure Land Buddhism, especially the Pure Land and Pure Land Shinshu sects, centers on belief in Amitabha and the desire to be reborn in the Pure Land (the state of enlightenment). The Jodo Shinshu sect founded by Shinran emphasized relying on the grace of Amitabha rather than personal merit.

Zen

Zen Buddhism, which emerged during the Kamakura period, focused on meditation (zazen) and direct experience. Zen Buddhism is mainly divided into two schools of thought: Rinzai Buddhism and Soto Buddhism.

Rinzai emphasizes sudden enlightenments and koan exercises, or contradictory questions and stories, to bring specific ideas and awareness to students. Soto Zen Teachings Shikantazaa type of meditation done by “just sitting” and letting the mind expand. It promotes gradual realization through this continued meditation. Both schools promote mindfulness and the importance of living in the present moment.

Nichiren Buddhism

Founded by Nichiren, the school emphasized the Lotus Sutra as a means to attain enlightenment and the importance of making these teachings accessible to all. Nichiren Buddhism is known for its strong social engagement and advocacy of personal empowerment, reflecting a commitment to social justice and compassion.

Byodo-in Temple, Uji City, Kyoto

Other famous schools and sects of Japanese Buddhism

Several other noteworthy movements have emerged in Japanese Buddhism, including smaller sects that branched off from the major Buddhist sects or combined the teachings of different Buddhist sects. For example, Huangbo Zen is considered the third major sect of Zen Buddhism, which combines elements of Chinese Zen and Pure Land teachings.

In recent years, Soka Gakkai has gained prominence as a lay Buddhist movement that emphasizes social participation and community service. These various schools and sects contribute to the rich diversity of Japanese Buddhist practice, each offering a unique spiritual perspective and approach.

Experience Japanese Buddhism

There are many opportunities to be exposed to Buddhist teachings and practices in Japan. Visitors can experience the tranquility of the temple, participate in rituals or take meditation classes. Many temples offer classes for beginners, in-depth study of the core meditation practices of many schools, and some large temples also offer English-language instruction for spiritual travelers. While at the temple, take a moment to pray with your hands together and take it home with you Yusen Amulet of protection and good luck.

Several museums across Japan display religious artwork, allowing visitors to learn about Buddhism from an artistic and historical perspective. There are many more likeor a temple that provides accommodation for guests interested in experiencing Japanese Buddhism in an immersive way. Also, consider trying Shojin ryoriBuddhist vegetarian dishes.

Buddhist teachings combined with Japan’s long history of Shintoism are deeply ingrained in Japanese culture. Understanding the teachings of the various schools of Buddhism helps us understand the nuances of Japanese philosophy and spirituality, and the stunning temples across the country remind us of the country’s rich religious history and development over the centuries.

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